養男育女調不同評析(續)
22.原譯:有人認為同性戀者是介於男人和女人之間,根據這種說法,同性戀者的興趣和嗜好是介於非同性戀的男生和非同性戀的女生之間。(p.266)
原文:There’s a popular notion that gay men are somehow “in between” straight men and straight women. According to this notion, most gay men are effeminate, with interests and hobbies more similar to those of straight women than those of straight men. (p.209)
試譯:普遍的想法認為男同性戀者是介於非同性戀男人和女人之間。根據這樣的想法,大部分男同性戀者是較女人氣的,他們的興趣和嗜好比較像非同性戀的女人,而不是非同性戀的男人。
評析: 原譯者採用意譯的方式將此段話整理後再用中文詮釋,雖然簡潔通順,但是採用這種方式翻譯,並未將男同性戀者的行為特性說明清楚,也沒有把他們的興趣和嗜好比較像非同性戀的女人,而不是非同性戀的男人這種程度上的差異詮釋出來,會讓讀者對男同性戀者的了解程度產生落差,作為一個忠實的譯者,這種做法應該小心處理才是。
23.原譯:當然,這很難說何者是雞何者是蛋—是因為那些對性行為比較保守的女孩才會選擇念女校,還是女校使女生未婚懷孕率比較低。詹姆斯林高中的例子讓我們看到是後者。(p.308)
原文:Of course, at most school it’s hard to say which came first, the chicken or the egg. Is the rate of unwanted teenage pregnancy lower at the girls’ schools because girls who wouldn’t have gotten pregnant anyway choose to attend all-girls schools? Or is there something about girls’ schools that makes teenage pregnancy less likely? The story of Lyng High suggests the latter.(p.244)
試譯:當然,這很難說是先有雞還是先有蛋。也就是說,是因為那些不想懷孕的女生選擇女校就讀,所以使得非自願性少女懷孕率較低;或是因為女校使得少女懷孕的情事比較不可能發生。詹姆斯林高中的例子讓我們看到是後者。
評析:原譯者將which came first, the chicken or the egg.譯成何者是雞何者是蛋,想必是太粗心了,本處應該釋成先有雞還是先有蛋比較妥適。原譯者,急著想把後面的原因解釋清楚而曲解了本句的意思,作為一個譯者,這種情形應該小心避免。
24.原譯:我認為我們需要比較多的男生的和女生的活動,使上一世代的人能引導下一世代。我們不妨回到三○年代的縫紉會。(p.315)
原文:I am suggesting that we need more single-sex activities that transcend the generations, for both girls and boys. But what would such activities look like? We can’t go back to the sewing circles of the 1930s. (p.250)
試譯:我認為,為了女生及男生們,我們需要比較多跨越世代、單一性別的活動。而這些活動看起來會像是什麼樣呢?我們無法回到三○年代的縫紉婦女會。
評析:
原譯者將can’t譯成不妨顯然是看錯而誤譯,使得原作者想要表達無法回到三○年代的縫紉婦女會那樣的運作模式,變成是一個參考的指標,非常不宜。
關於I am suggesting that we need more single-sex activities that transcend the generations, for both girls and boys.從上下文觀之,作者是要強調需要多一些跨越世代,單一性別的活動,原譯者將其譯成我認為我們需要比較多的男生的和女生的活動,使上一世代的人能引導下一世代,語意不夠清楚,讓讀者摸不著頭緒。
2009年1月3日 星期六
2008年12月31日 星期三
養男育女調不同評析(續)
養男育女調不同評析(續)
19.原譯:嬰兒從出生以後到四個月時體重約增加一倍,到一歲時,體重增加了三倍。(p.238)
原文:Babies double their birth weight between birth and four month of age. They triple their birth weight by one year of age.(p.185)
試譯:嬰兒從出生以後到四個月時體重約增加一倍,到一歲時,體重變成出生時體重的三倍。
評析: 原譯者將They triple their birth weight by one year of age譯成到一歲時,體重增加了三倍。此處triple their birth weight應該是變成出生時體重的三倍,顯然是一個粗心的誤譯。
20.原譯:INAH中的第三組神經核細胞INAH-3,男生比女生大了兩倍。(p.265)
原文:One of these nuclei, INAH-3, is about twice as large in men as it is in women. (p.207)
試譯:這些細胞核中的INAH-3,男生大約是女生的兩倍大。
評析:原譯者將is about twice as large in men as it is in women.譯成男生比女生大了兩倍,應該是男生大約是女生的兩倍大,又是一個粗心的誤譯。原譯者對原文類似的寫法經常發生誤譯情事。
21.原譯:拉維的發現得到媒體很大的青睬,以致即使後來沒人能重複發現他的結果時,媒體也都沒有報導。(p.266)
原文:LeVay’s findings received wide coverage in the media. No similar coverage was provided for the subsequent, less sensational reports that documented that LeVay had made a mistake.(p.208)
試譯:拉維的發現得到媒體廣泛的報導。在那之後,媒體就沒有提出類似的報導,更別說是證明拉維的發現有錯,轟動社會的報導了。
評析:原譯者將No similar coverage was provided for the subsequent, less sensational reports that documented that LeVay had made a mistake.譯成以致即使後來沒人能重複發現他的結果時,媒體也都沒有報導。顯然是看錯整句原文的意思。此處應該譯為,在那之後,媒體就沒有提出類似的報導,更別說是證明拉維的發現有錯,轟動社會的報導了。比較符合原文的意思。
19.原譯:嬰兒從出生以後到四個月時體重約增加一倍,到一歲時,體重增加了三倍。(p.238)
原文:Babies double their birth weight between birth and four month of age. They triple their birth weight by one year of age.(p.185)
試譯:嬰兒從出生以後到四個月時體重約增加一倍,到一歲時,體重變成出生時體重的三倍。
評析: 原譯者將They triple their birth weight by one year of age譯成到一歲時,體重增加了三倍。此處triple their birth weight應該是變成出生時體重的三倍,顯然是一個粗心的誤譯。
20.原譯:INAH中的第三組神經核細胞INAH-3,男生比女生大了兩倍。(p.265)
原文:One of these nuclei, INAH-3, is about twice as large in men as it is in women. (p.207)
試譯:這些細胞核中的INAH-3,男生大約是女生的兩倍大。
評析:原譯者將is about twice as large in men as it is in women.譯成男生比女生大了兩倍,應該是男生大約是女生的兩倍大,又是一個粗心的誤譯。原譯者對原文類似的寫法經常發生誤譯情事。
21.原譯:拉維的發現得到媒體很大的青睬,以致即使後來沒人能重複發現他的結果時,媒體也都沒有報導。(p.266)
原文:LeVay’s findings received wide coverage in the media. No similar coverage was provided for the subsequent, less sensational reports that documented that LeVay had made a mistake.(p.208)
試譯:拉維的發現得到媒體廣泛的報導。在那之後,媒體就沒有提出類似的報導,更別說是證明拉維的發現有錯,轟動社會的報導了。
評析:原譯者將No similar coverage was provided for the subsequent, less sensational reports that documented that LeVay had made a mistake.譯成以致即使後來沒人能重複發現他的結果時,媒體也都沒有報導。顯然是看錯整句原文的意思。此處應該譯為,在那之後,媒體就沒有提出類似的報導,更別說是證明拉維的發現有錯,轟動社會的報導了。比較符合原文的意思。
2008年12月26日 星期五
養男育女調不同評析(續)
養男育女調不同評析(續)
15.原譯:所以,現在的關係已經不再被界定為性親密了,現在的關係定義為有團體的依附(group affiliation)。(p.174)
原文:As a result, relationships are no longer defined by sexual intimacy. Relationships today are defined by group affiliation.(p.132)
試譯:因此,現在的關係不再是藉由性的親密關係來認定,而是藉由團體的認同來認定。
評析:
A. define根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.解釋;給…下定義2.使明確;使清楚3.規定,限定、確定…的界線
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=define&ls=a 解釋為:
▸ verb: determine the nature of ("What defines a good wine?")
▸ verb: delineate the form or outline of ("The tree was clearly defined by the light")
▸ verb: give a definition for the meaning of a word ("Define `sadness'")
▸ verb: determine the essential quality of
define原譯為界定、定義,並沒有錯,只是直譯的結果使得句子有些生硬,此處,改譯為解釋、限定或determine the essential quality of似乎更能表現原文的意思。
B. affiliation根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:聯係;直屬關係。
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=affiliation&ls=a解釋為:
▸ noun: the act of becoming formally connected or joined ("Welcomed the affiliation of the research center with the university")
▸ noun: a social or business relationship ("A valuable financial affiliation")
此處group affiliation應該與聯係、關係有關,原譯將group affiliation譯為團體的依附,無法讓讀者體會箇中涵義;故改譯為團體的認同,較能詮釋原文的意思。
16. 原譯:保護女生最好的方法,是找出她的長處以提升她的自尊及強化她的自 信,用這個方法減低她的環境壓力。(p.194)
原文:The best way to protect a girl like Caitlyn from falling into the drug trap is to find ways to strengthen her self-confidence and self-esteem, and to de-stress her environment. (p.148)
試譯:保護女生免於像凱特琳一樣掉入毒品陷阱最好的方式就是找出方法來加強她的自信、自尊,以及減低她所處環境的壓力。
評析:
1. 原譯者對此句之翻譯雖然簡潔通順,但她把保護女生免於發生什麼事情之最好的方式直接譯為保護女生最好的方法,事實上,按照原文The best way to protect a girl like Caitlyn from falling into the drug trap,是保護女生免於像凱特琳一樣掉入毒品陷阱最好的方法。譯者省略保護女生免於像凱特琳一樣掉入毒品陷阱這個情境,會讓讀者感覺很唐突而無法了解。
2. to find ways to strengthen her self-confidence and self-esteem, and to de-stress her environment. 此處的ways應該是方法,原譯者將之譯為長處,也許看上下文可以涵括這個意思,可是光看這一句話,很難讓讀者清楚地理解。
17. 原譯:凱特琳回答:「我告訴她我以前的感覺有多糟,我如何恨每一個人,恨我的生活。」(p.196)
原文:Caitlyn said. “I tell her about myself a little. I tell her how bad I used to feel, how I used to hate my body, hate my life.” (p.150)
試譯:凱特琳回答:「我告訴她一點關於我自己的事。告訴她我曾經感覺多麼地糟,我曾經多麼地討厭我的身材,我的生活。」
評析:原譯者將how I used to hate my body, hate my life.譯成我如何恨每一個人,恨我的生活,此處hate my body應該是討厭我的身材,原譯者顯然將my body看成anybody,又是一個粗心的誤譯。
18. 原譯:教育男生毒品的危險有時會適得其反,你可能無意中刺激了原本你想削減的行為。(p.203)
原文:Educating boys about “the dangers of drugs” can be counterproductive, You may stimulate the behavior you’re trying to discourage. (p.156)
試譯:教育男生毒品的危險有時會適得其反,你可能無意中刺激了原本你想勸阻的行為。
評析:discourage根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.使洩氣,使灰心2.阻止;阻攔、勸阻3.不許可
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=discourage&ls=a解釋為:
▸ verb: deprive of courage or hope; take away hope from; cause to feel discouraged
▸ verb: admonish or counsel in terms of someone's behavior
▸ verb: try to prevent; show opposition to ("We should discourage this practice among our youth")
故此處discourage應該譯成阻止;阻攔、勸阻,或try to prevent; show opposition to 原譯者譯成削減未能完全表達原意。
15.原譯:所以,現在的關係已經不再被界定為性親密了,現在的關係定義為有團體的依附(group affiliation)。(p.174)
原文:As a result, relationships are no longer defined by sexual intimacy. Relationships today are defined by group affiliation.(p.132)
試譯:因此,現在的關係不再是藉由性的親密關係來認定,而是藉由團體的認同來認定。
評析:
A. define根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.解釋;給…下定義2.使明確;使清楚3.規定,限定、確定…的界線
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=define&ls=a 解釋為:
▸ verb: determine the nature of ("What defines a good wine?")
▸ verb: delineate the form or outline of ("The tree was clearly defined by the light")
▸ verb: give a definition for the meaning of a word ("Define `sadness'")
▸ verb: determine the essential quality of
define原譯為界定、定義,並沒有錯,只是直譯的結果使得句子有些生硬,此處,改譯為解釋、限定或determine the essential quality of似乎更能表現原文的意思。
B. affiliation根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:聯係;直屬關係。
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=affiliation&ls=a解釋為:
▸ noun: the act of becoming formally connected or joined ("Welcomed the affiliation of the research center with the university")
▸ noun: a social or business relationship ("A valuable financial affiliation")
此處group affiliation應該與聯係、關係有關,原譯將group affiliation譯為團體的依附,無法讓讀者體會箇中涵義;故改譯為團體的認同,較能詮釋原文的意思。
16. 原譯:保護女生最好的方法,是找出她的長處以提升她的自尊及強化她的自 信,用這個方法減低她的環境壓力。(p.194)
原文:The best way to protect a girl like Caitlyn from falling into the drug trap is to find ways to strengthen her self-confidence and self-esteem, and to de-stress her environment. (p.148)
試譯:保護女生免於像凱特琳一樣掉入毒品陷阱最好的方式就是找出方法來加強她的自信、自尊,以及減低她所處環境的壓力。
評析:
1. 原譯者對此句之翻譯雖然簡潔通順,但她把保護女生免於發生什麼事情之最好的方式直接譯為保護女生最好的方法,事實上,按照原文The best way to protect a girl like Caitlyn from falling into the drug trap,是保護女生免於像凱特琳一樣掉入毒品陷阱最好的方法。譯者省略保護女生免於像凱特琳一樣掉入毒品陷阱這個情境,會讓讀者感覺很唐突而無法了解。
2. to find ways to strengthen her self-confidence and self-esteem, and to de-stress her environment. 此處的ways應該是方法,原譯者將之譯為長處,也許看上下文可以涵括這個意思,可是光看這一句話,很難讓讀者清楚地理解。
17. 原譯:凱特琳回答:「我告訴她我以前的感覺有多糟,我如何恨每一個人,恨我的生活。」(p.196)
原文:Caitlyn said. “I tell her about myself a little. I tell her how bad I used to feel, how I used to hate my body, hate my life.” (p.150)
試譯:凱特琳回答:「我告訴她一點關於我自己的事。告訴她我曾經感覺多麼地糟,我曾經多麼地討厭我的身材,我的生活。」
評析:原譯者將how I used to hate my body, hate my life.譯成我如何恨每一個人,恨我的生活,此處hate my body應該是討厭我的身材,原譯者顯然將my body看成anybody,又是一個粗心的誤譯。
18. 原譯:教育男生毒品的危險有時會適得其反,你可能無意中刺激了原本你想削減的行為。(p.203)
原文:Educating boys about “the dangers of drugs” can be counterproductive, You may stimulate the behavior you’re trying to discourage. (p.156)
試譯:教育男生毒品的危險有時會適得其反,你可能無意中刺激了原本你想勸阻的行為。
評析:discourage根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.使洩氣,使灰心2.阻止;阻攔、勸阻3.不許可
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=discourage&ls=a解釋為:
▸ verb: deprive of courage or hope; take away hope from; cause to feel discouraged
▸ verb: admonish or counsel in terms of someone's behavior
▸ verb: try to prevent; show opposition to ("We should discourage this practice among our youth")
故此處discourage應該譯成阻止;阻攔、勸阻,或try to prevent; show opposition to 原譯者譯成削減未能完全表達原意。
2008年12月12日 星期五
養男育女調不同評析(續)
14.原譯:我不曉得有多少小孩子—尤其是男孩子—變成憂鬱症是因為他們落入學校這個爬不出來的陷阱中。(p.134)
原文:I have to wonder how many of these young children, boys especially, are depressed because they’re trapped in a school that just is not geared to their needs. And they have no way out.(p.98)
試譯:我不曉得這些小孩子中有多少小孩子,尤其是男孩子,變成憂鬱症是因為他們陷入一個無法提供適合他們需求的學校而找不到解決之道。
評析:譯者對此句之翻譯雖然簡潔通順,但她把孩子陷入憂鬱症的原因直接譯為是因為他們落入學校這個爬不出來的陷阱中,事實上,按照原文because they’re trapped in a school that just is not geared to their need. And they have no way out.是因為他們陷入一個無法提供適合他們需求的學校而找不到解決之道。譯者省略學校無法提供適合孩子需求的教育方式,會讓讀者感覺很唐突而無法了解其真正原因。雖然看上下文也許可以了解,但是作為一個忠實的譯者,如果能在簡短的語句裡,把原因表達清楚,又為何要刻意刪除,而讓讀者摸不著頭緒呢?
原文:I have to wonder how many of these young children, boys especially, are depressed because they’re trapped in a school that just is not geared to their needs. And they have no way out.(p.98)
試譯:我不曉得這些小孩子中有多少小孩子,尤其是男孩子,變成憂鬱症是因為他們陷入一個無法提供適合他們需求的學校而找不到解決之道。
評析:譯者對此句之翻譯雖然簡潔通順,但她把孩子陷入憂鬱症的原因直接譯為是因為他們落入學校這個爬不出來的陷阱中,事實上,按照原文because they’re trapped in a school that just is not geared to their need. And they have no way out.是因為他們陷入一個無法提供適合他們需求的學校而找不到解決之道。譯者省略學校無法提供適合孩子需求的教育方式,會讓讀者感覺很唐突而無法了解其真正原因。雖然看上下文也許可以了解,但是作為一個忠實的譯者,如果能在簡短的語句裡,把原因表達清楚,又為何要刻意刪除,而讓讀者摸不著頭緒呢?
大腦總指揮小組作業
大腦總指揮小組作業
Part 1
原譯:「每一個臨床醫師的生涯始於一些特別的個案,維拉德米爾就是我的第一個個案。他引導我走進前腦疾病的领域,有助於我以後事業的發展。」高德伯寫道。維拉德米爾大部分的時間都是盯著天花板看(假如你去打攪他,他可能會發出一連串咒罵的話,甚或祭出尿壺),高德伯發現有時也可以誘導他說話,不過言談中充滿了鄙俗咒罵之語,或是在男生更衣間裡說的嘲弄粗野笑話......一種介於腦傷學生及研究腦傷的學生之奇怪友誼。」
原文:“The career of every clinician,” Goldberg writes,”is punctuated by a few formative cases. Vladimir was my first formative case. Unwittingly, through his tragedy, he introduced me to the rich phenomena of frontal-lobe disease, triggered my interest in the frontal lobes, and so helped shape my career.”While Vladimir spent most of his time staring blankly into space (though when disturbed he might release a stream of profanities or hurl a chamberpot), Goldberg found that he could sometimes engage him with “a casually profane, locker-room-style banter…and a friendship of sorts developed between a brain-damaged student and a student of brain damage.”
改譯:「每一個臨床醫師的生涯常會穿插一些對他日後專門領域的形成有特殊影響的個案,維拉德米爾就是我這樣的第一個個案。湊巧地,透過他的不幸遭遇,他引導我進入額葉疾病的豐富领域,引發了我對這方面的興趣,有助於日後我事業的發展。維拉德米爾大部分的時間都是兩眼盯著遠方看(假如你去打攪他,他可能會發出一連串咒罵的話,甚或祭出尿壺)。高德伯發現有時可以誘導他說話,但其中充滿了鄙俗咒罵之語,或是在男生更衣間裡說的嘲弄粗野笑話......一種介於腦傷學生及研究腦傷的學生之奇怪友誼。「」評析:洪蘭未將punctuate (打標點符號、停頓)譯出,也譯不清楚 formative (對某方面形成有特殊影響的)。Front-lobe前腦或額葉譯名也得與前言其他部份統一。
Punctuate的詳細英文解釋,依照Online Merriam-Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formative )解釋如下,而以第二個定義 (to break into or interrupt at intervals)最符合上文:punctuatetransitive verb 1 : to mark or divide (written matter) with punctuation marks 2 : to break into or interrupt at intervals 3 : ACCENTUATE , EMPHASIZE intransitive verb : to use punctuation marks 另外一個神經科學重要單字formative,再次依照Online Merriam-Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formative )解釋如下,而以第一個與第三個定義最符合上文:formative1 a: giving or capable of giving form : CONSTRUCTIVE a formative influence b: used in word formation or inflection2: capable of alteration by growth and development ; also : producing new cells and tissues3: of, relating to, or characterized by formative effects or formation
Part 2
原譯:額葉是神經系統中最晚演化完成的部份,只有人類的大腦發展出這麼大的額葉(大猿〔great ape〕也有一些),有趣的是,它也是最後一個被認為是重要的大腦部份,即使當我還是醫學院學生時,它仍被稱為「寂靜的腦葉」(the silent lobe),這是因為它沒有簡單且易於被辨識的功能,像感覺和運動皮質一樣(甚至比不上聯結區〔association area〕),但卻是相當重要。它們是高層次目的行為最重要的一個地區—指認物件、投射目標、編造計畫來達成目的,組織方法使計畫得以執行、監控和判斷結果,以確定達預期目標。(p.15)
原文:The frontal lobes are the latest achievement in the evolution of the nervous system; it is only in human beings (and great apes, to some extent) that they reach so great a development. They were also, by a curious parallel, the last parts of the brain to be recognized as important—even in my own medical student days, they were called “the silent lobes.”“Silent” indeed they may be, for they lack the simple and easily identifiable functions of the more primitive parts of the cerebral cortex, the sensory and motor areas, for example (and even the “association areas” between these), but they are overwhelmingly important. They are crucial for all higher-order purposeful behavior—identifying the objective, projecting the goal, forging plans to reach it, organizing the means by which such plans can be carried out, monitoring and judging the consequences to see that all is accomplished as intended.
試譯:額葉是神經系統中最晚演化完成的部份,而且只有在人類的額葉能達到如此偉大的進化(在大猿的腦中也演化出額葉,但不及人類)。令人匪夷所思的是,額葉同時也是最近期才被人類發覺重要性的大腦構造—即使在我還在念醫學院的時候,額葉仍被稱為「沈默的腦葉」。它的確是「沈默的」,因為它不像較早演化的感覺和運動皮質(甚至是介於兩者之間的連結區),有單純而且容易看出來的職責與功能,雖然如此,額葉的運作卻相當重要。它主宰高層次目的之行為—指出欲從事之行為、決定進行此行為的目的、策劃達成此目的之方法、統整所有能使計畫順利進行的方法,並且密切監控、判斷計畫執行的結果是否符合當初的設計。
評析:
一、洪蘭這一段文字主要問題在於中文譯文不通順,雖然將英文語意大致翻譯出來,卻未能用符合中文語法的句子譯出原文。容易讓讀者產生閱讀上理解的困難。
二、原文中的“ it is only in human beings (and great apes, to some extent) that they reach so great a development. ”,洪蘭譯為:“ 只有人類的大腦發展出這麼大的額葉(大猿〔great ape〕也有一些)”。“great development”應該不是只有指額葉的大小,更包括了構造上的演化發展。因此,我建議譯為“而且只有在人類的額葉能達到如此偉大的進化(在大猿的腦中也演化出額葉,但不及人類)”。
三、“by a curious parallel”原譯為“有趣的是” ,譯者可能是在沒有查工具書就以自己所知的英文字彙去尋找適合的翻譯,才會選擇這樣的譯法。事實上,curious的字義有難以理解的意思,建議譯為: “令人匪夷所思的是”,應該會更符合原文的語意。
四、“They are crucial for all higher-order purposeful behavior—identifying the objective, projecting the goal, forging plans to reach it, organizing the means by which such plans can be carried out, monitoring and judging the consequences to see that all is accomplished as intended. ” “它們是高層次目的行為最重要的一個地區—指認物件、投射目標、編造計畫來達成目的,組織方法使計畫得以執行、監控和判斷結果,以確定達預期目標。” 這一整段的譯文非常不通順,令讀者有深陷五里霧中之感。譯者只把原文一個字對一個字的直譯,沒有考慮上下文的文意,本文討論的主題內容。一名好的譯者應該要超脫文字的限制,要把作者的“神“抓出來。不要只是字字對譯、句句對譯。本段探討的是額葉的功能,譯者應該使用清楚明白的文字,將其功能說明清楚。此段內容,這也是本書的精髓所在,譯者實在不該草草了事。
Part 3
原譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察,還包括腦功能造影,高德伯對額葉功能的看法給這些症候群帶來了新的詮釋,在臨床的治療上非常重要。(P-17)
原文:Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions. Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes. Much evidence is adduced in favor of this, not only from clinical observation and testing, but from the latest results in functional brain imaging, and Goldberg’s insights here illuminate these syndromes in a new way, and may be very important in clinical practice.(P-X)
試譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)的遲鈍、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)的衝動、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)的分心、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)持續重複的行為、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症的缺乏同理心或心智理論等,高德伯認為,由於共振、繼發性的擾亂等原因,大部分狀況都可以透過額葉的功能來了解。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察或試驗,還包括腦功能造影最新的結果以及高德伯對額葉功能的看法,以新的方式來說明這些症候群,可能在臨床的治療上非常重要。
評析:
1. 關於Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.原譯者譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。實際上這句話主要的意思應該是how other conditions may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.顯然原譯者粗心,未搞清楚原意,而把整句意思弄錯了。故試改譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。
2. 原譯者漏譯許多病症之主要病徵,如Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes.原譯者譯成:帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因;同時漏譯as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances,即為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,讓讀者只看見這些病症,卻無法知悉患者患了這些病有哪些不一樣的行為表現,以及為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,如此不忠於原著的譯法,又讓讀者摸不著頭緒,似乎不宜。
Part 4
原譯:(P. 18)當然,這是不可能的事,所以高德伯 (那時我已經認識他了) 非常傷心地離開泰國,我很同情他,因為我也有過類似的經驗,想要帶回一隻紅毛猩猩,甚至希望我可以和牠互寄明信片問候。
原文:(P. 5)This is, of course, was impossible, and Goldberg (whom I knew by this time) was very sad that he could not do so. I felt a great sympathy for him because I had had an almost identical experience with an orangutan my self, and had more than half-wished we could at least send postcards to each other.試譯:當然,這是不可能的事,所以高德伯 (那時我已經認識他了) 對此感到非常遺憾。我非常同情他,因為我也有和紅毛猩猩互動的經驗,並且期待能突破阻礙及困難,和牠互寄明信片問候。評析:【東華英漢大字典】Sad除了有悲傷、難過、可悲的意思外,另有遺憾的意思。不能帶紅毛猩猩回紐約,除心情的難過外,更無法進一步對牠進行研究,以遺憾表現上述心境更為貼切。【Wiktionary】(Verb) To want to do something, but not quite enough to do it, in fact. Usually for some impediment. Ex. He does sometimes half wish to change his life, but it is too difficult. 所以,half wish表示須突破多重阻礙方可達成之目標,即困難度相當高。原譯:(P. 20)1995年,當我著手撰寫一篇有關科學的未成熟性 (prematurity in science) 的論文,我援引許多例子來說明當氣候未成熟時,許多先知是被忽略了,在其中,我引用了高德伯的遞變理論。1969年,高德伯第一次提出這個理論時,他的指導教授盧瑞亞認為是不可能的,但是過去十年來,研究的典範改變了 (paradigm shift,如庫恩Kuhn所說的),這個改變一部分是因為艾德曼 (Gerald Edelman) 等人的宏觀大腦功能理論 (global brain function theory) 的提出,部分則是因為神經網路的發展 (例如類神經網路模式、平行處理系統),還有一部分原因是高德伯的大腦遞變理論已逐漸被接受。原文:(P. 7)When I wrote an essay in 1995 on prematurity in science﹝O.W. Sacks, “Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science, Ed. R. B. Silver (New York: New York Review of Books, 1996), 141-187﹞, I cited among many other examples, the failure to comprehend or see the relevance of gradiential theory when it was published; Luria himself found it incomprehensible in 1969, when Glodberg first presented it to him. But there has been a great change, a paradigm shift (as Kuhn would say) in the last decade, partly connected with theories of global brain function such as Gerald Edelman’s partly with the development of neural nets as modelling systems massively parallel computer systems, and the like, and the concept of cerebral gradients-Glodberg’s vision as a student-is now much more widely accepted.試譯:1995年,當我著手撰寫一篇有關科學的未成熟性 (prematurity in science,奧利佛薩克斯在「Hidden Histories of Science」一書中發表的文章:「盲點:被遺忘及忽略的科學」) 的論文,我援引許多例子說明當該文章發表時,為何無法理解或領會遞變理論的關係。1969年,高德伯第一次提出這個理論時,他的指導教授盧瑞亞難以領悟;但是過去十年來,研究的思維轉換 (paradigm shift,如庫恩所說的),這個改變一部分是因為艾德曼 (Gerald Edelman) 等人的宏觀大腦功能理論 (global brain function theory) 的提出,部分則是因為神經網路的發展 (例如類神經網路模式、平行計算理論),還有一部分原因是高德伯的大腦遞變理論已逐漸被接受。評析:1. ﹝O.W. Sacks, “Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science, Ed. R. B. Silver (New York: New York Review of Books, 1996), 141-187﹞O.W. Sacks, http://www.oliversacks.com/pubs.htm為”腦袋裝了2000齣歌劇的人”作者,奧利佛.薩克斯,在”Hidden Histories of Science”一書中撰寫篇章”Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science”。Google中文搜詢無法查得,應該無中文版;但仍須對原文內容交待,而非整句漏譯,故建議試譯為:「盲點:被遺忘及忽略的科學」。2. 【東華英漢大字典】gradient為(1) 坡度,公路,河道的斜面(2) 溫度或壓力的梯度變化曲線(3) 數學:斜率(4) 生物:軸性梯度,生理梯度gradiential theory,包括醫學字典在內的所有字典均查不到,譯者翻為「遞變理論」,是否比生理梯度理論要專業簡潔易懂,須請洪教授指導。3. 【Cambridge Dictionary】incomprehensible (adjective)impossible or extremely difficult to understand4. 【香港Yahoo字典】paradigm shift(1) 思維轉換(美國哲學家庫恩首次在他的極具經典之作《科學革命的架構》中提出。庫恩在書中闡釋,每一項科學研究的重大突破,幾乎都是先打破道統,打破舊思惟,而後才成功的)(2) 台灣譯作範式轉移/典範轉移/規範轉移5. Gerald Edelman 艾德曼諾貝爾獎得主,曾提出著名的「神經進化論」,即在腦部發展的早期階段,神經元根據基因遺傳的指令,在腦中特定的通道自由運行。有些神經元會分化增生或死亡,有些則固定於某位置,並於周遭的神經元產生連結,形成複雜的大腦迴路(circuitry)。其反應了個人遺傳特質與生活經驗,最重要的是迴路連結的強弱取決於其是否經常被使用。神經連結可以處理感官刺激的輸入,對外在環境作出有效的行為反應。而沒有發揮功能的神經元則會相繼死亡,就像是自然淘汰(natural selection)般,只留下最能因應需求的神經元。個體重複越多的活動(如打網球、背書等),與相關的神經元便越是活躍,無形中強化了其所組成的神經連結,並形成緊密的迴路。所謂「用進廢退」,若凡事都貪圖方便,過於簡略操作步驟,結果反而會忽略了大腦迴路的使用,神經連結將不再具適應性,且會逐漸萎縮、消滅,我們也將失去其所負責的能力或變得生疏。
Part 1
原譯:「每一個臨床醫師的生涯始於一些特別的個案,維拉德米爾就是我的第一個個案。他引導我走進前腦疾病的领域,有助於我以後事業的發展。」高德伯寫道。維拉德米爾大部分的時間都是盯著天花板看(假如你去打攪他,他可能會發出一連串咒罵的話,甚或祭出尿壺),高德伯發現有時也可以誘導他說話,不過言談中充滿了鄙俗咒罵之語,或是在男生更衣間裡說的嘲弄粗野笑話......一種介於腦傷學生及研究腦傷的學生之奇怪友誼。」
原文:“The career of every clinician,” Goldberg writes,”is punctuated by a few formative cases. Vladimir was my first formative case. Unwittingly, through his tragedy, he introduced me to the rich phenomena of frontal-lobe disease, triggered my interest in the frontal lobes, and so helped shape my career.”While Vladimir spent most of his time staring blankly into space (though when disturbed he might release a stream of profanities or hurl a chamberpot), Goldberg found that he could sometimes engage him with “a casually profane, locker-room-style banter…and a friendship of sorts developed between a brain-damaged student and a student of brain damage.”
改譯:「每一個臨床醫師的生涯常會穿插一些對他日後專門領域的形成有特殊影響的個案,維拉德米爾就是我這樣的第一個個案。湊巧地,透過他的不幸遭遇,他引導我進入額葉疾病的豐富领域,引發了我對這方面的興趣,有助於日後我事業的發展。維拉德米爾大部分的時間都是兩眼盯著遠方看(假如你去打攪他,他可能會發出一連串咒罵的話,甚或祭出尿壺)。高德伯發現有時可以誘導他說話,但其中充滿了鄙俗咒罵之語,或是在男生更衣間裡說的嘲弄粗野笑話......一種介於腦傷學生及研究腦傷的學生之奇怪友誼。「」評析:洪蘭未將punctuate (打標點符號、停頓)譯出,也譯不清楚 formative (對某方面形成有特殊影響的)。Front-lobe前腦或額葉譯名也得與前言其他部份統一。
Punctuate的詳細英文解釋,依照Online Merriam-Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formative )解釋如下,而以第二個定義 (to break into or interrupt at intervals)最符合上文:punctuatetransitive verb 1 : to mark or divide (written matter) with punctuation marks 2 : to break into or interrupt at intervals 3 : ACCENTUATE , EMPHASIZE intransitive verb : to use punctuation marks 另外一個神經科學重要單字formative,再次依照Online Merriam-Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formative )解釋如下,而以第一個與第三個定義最符合上文:formative1 a: giving or capable of giving form : CONSTRUCTIVE a formative influence b: used in word formation or inflection2: capable of alteration by growth and development ; also : producing new cells and tissues3: of, relating to, or characterized by formative effects or formation
Part 2
原譯:額葉是神經系統中最晚演化完成的部份,只有人類的大腦發展出這麼大的額葉(大猿〔great ape〕也有一些),有趣的是,它也是最後一個被認為是重要的大腦部份,即使當我還是醫學院學生時,它仍被稱為「寂靜的腦葉」(the silent lobe),這是因為它沒有簡單且易於被辨識的功能,像感覺和運動皮質一樣(甚至比不上聯結區〔association area〕),但卻是相當重要。它們是高層次目的行為最重要的一個地區—指認物件、投射目標、編造計畫來達成目的,組織方法使計畫得以執行、監控和判斷結果,以確定達預期目標。(p.15)
原文:The frontal lobes are the latest achievement in the evolution of the nervous system; it is only in human beings (and great apes, to some extent) that they reach so great a development. They were also, by a curious parallel, the last parts of the brain to be recognized as important—even in my own medical student days, they were called “the silent lobes.”“Silent” indeed they may be, for they lack the simple and easily identifiable functions of the more primitive parts of the cerebral cortex, the sensory and motor areas, for example (and even the “association areas” between these), but they are overwhelmingly important. They are crucial for all higher-order purposeful behavior—identifying the objective, projecting the goal, forging plans to reach it, organizing the means by which such plans can be carried out, monitoring and judging the consequences to see that all is accomplished as intended.
試譯:額葉是神經系統中最晚演化完成的部份,而且只有在人類的額葉能達到如此偉大的進化(在大猿的腦中也演化出額葉,但不及人類)。令人匪夷所思的是,額葉同時也是最近期才被人類發覺重要性的大腦構造—即使在我還在念醫學院的時候,額葉仍被稱為「沈默的腦葉」。它的確是「沈默的」,因為它不像較早演化的感覺和運動皮質(甚至是介於兩者之間的連結區),有單純而且容易看出來的職責與功能,雖然如此,額葉的運作卻相當重要。它主宰高層次目的之行為—指出欲從事之行為、決定進行此行為的目的、策劃達成此目的之方法、統整所有能使計畫順利進行的方法,並且密切監控、判斷計畫執行的結果是否符合當初的設計。
評析:
一、洪蘭這一段文字主要問題在於中文譯文不通順,雖然將英文語意大致翻譯出來,卻未能用符合中文語法的句子譯出原文。容易讓讀者產生閱讀上理解的困難。
二、原文中的“ it is only in human beings (and great apes, to some extent) that they reach so great a development. ”,洪蘭譯為:“ 只有人類的大腦發展出這麼大的額葉(大猿〔great ape〕也有一些)”。“great development”應該不是只有指額葉的大小,更包括了構造上的演化發展。因此,我建議譯為“而且只有在人類的額葉能達到如此偉大的進化(在大猿的腦中也演化出額葉,但不及人類)”。
三、“by a curious parallel”原譯為“有趣的是” ,譯者可能是在沒有查工具書就以自己所知的英文字彙去尋找適合的翻譯,才會選擇這樣的譯法。事實上,curious的字義有難以理解的意思,建議譯為: “令人匪夷所思的是”,應該會更符合原文的語意。
四、“They are crucial for all higher-order purposeful behavior—identifying the objective, projecting the goal, forging plans to reach it, organizing the means by which such plans can be carried out, monitoring and judging the consequences to see that all is accomplished as intended. ” “它們是高層次目的行為最重要的一個地區—指認物件、投射目標、編造計畫來達成目的,組織方法使計畫得以執行、監控和判斷結果,以確定達預期目標。” 這一整段的譯文非常不通順,令讀者有深陷五里霧中之感。譯者只把原文一個字對一個字的直譯,沒有考慮上下文的文意,本文討論的主題內容。一名好的譯者應該要超脫文字的限制,要把作者的“神“抓出來。不要只是字字對譯、句句對譯。本段探討的是額葉的功能,譯者應該使用清楚明白的文字,將其功能說明清楚。此段內容,這也是本書的精髓所在,譯者實在不該草草了事。
Part 3
原譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察,還包括腦功能造影,高德伯對額葉功能的看法給這些症候群帶來了新的詮釋,在臨床的治療上非常重要。(P-17)
原文:Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions. Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes. Much evidence is adduced in favor of this, not only from clinical observation and testing, but from the latest results in functional brain imaging, and Goldberg’s insights here illuminate these syndromes in a new way, and may be very important in clinical practice.(P-X)
試譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)的遲鈍、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)的衝動、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)的分心、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)持續重複的行為、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症的缺乏同理心或心智理論等,高德伯認為,由於共振、繼發性的擾亂等原因,大部分狀況都可以透過額葉的功能來了解。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察或試驗,還包括腦功能造影最新的結果以及高德伯對額葉功能的看法,以新的方式來說明這些症候群,可能在臨床的治療上非常重要。
評析:
1. 關於Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.原譯者譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。實際上這句話主要的意思應該是how other conditions may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.顯然原譯者粗心,未搞清楚原意,而把整句意思弄錯了。故試改譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。
2. 原譯者漏譯許多病症之主要病徵,如Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes.原譯者譯成:帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因;同時漏譯as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances,即為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,讓讀者只看見這些病症,卻無法知悉患者患了這些病有哪些不一樣的行為表現,以及為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,如此不忠於原著的譯法,又讓讀者摸不著頭緒,似乎不宜。
Part 4
原譯:(P. 18)當然,這是不可能的事,所以高德伯 (那時我已經認識他了) 非常傷心地離開泰國,我很同情他,因為我也有過類似的經驗,想要帶回一隻紅毛猩猩,甚至希望我可以和牠互寄明信片問候。
原文:(P. 5)This is, of course, was impossible, and Goldberg (whom I knew by this time) was very sad that he could not do so. I felt a great sympathy for him because I had had an almost identical experience with an orangutan my self, and had more than half-wished we could at least send postcards to each other.試譯:當然,這是不可能的事,所以高德伯 (那時我已經認識他了) 對此感到非常遺憾。我非常同情他,因為我也有和紅毛猩猩互動的經驗,並且期待能突破阻礙及困難,和牠互寄明信片問候。評析:【東華英漢大字典】Sad除了有悲傷、難過、可悲的意思外,另有遺憾的意思。不能帶紅毛猩猩回紐約,除心情的難過外,更無法進一步對牠進行研究,以遺憾表現上述心境更為貼切。【Wiktionary】(Verb) To want to do something, but not quite enough to do it, in fact. Usually for some impediment. Ex. He does sometimes half wish to change his life, but it is too difficult. 所以,half wish表示須突破多重阻礙方可達成之目標,即困難度相當高。原譯:(P. 20)1995年,當我著手撰寫一篇有關科學的未成熟性 (prematurity in science) 的論文,我援引許多例子來說明當氣候未成熟時,許多先知是被忽略了,在其中,我引用了高德伯的遞變理論。1969年,高德伯第一次提出這個理論時,他的指導教授盧瑞亞認為是不可能的,但是過去十年來,研究的典範改變了 (paradigm shift,如庫恩Kuhn所說的),這個改變一部分是因為艾德曼 (Gerald Edelman) 等人的宏觀大腦功能理論 (global brain function theory) 的提出,部分則是因為神經網路的發展 (例如類神經網路模式、平行處理系統),還有一部分原因是高德伯的大腦遞變理論已逐漸被接受。原文:(P. 7)When I wrote an essay in 1995 on prematurity in science﹝O.W. Sacks, “Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science, Ed. R. B. Silver (New York: New York Review of Books, 1996), 141-187﹞, I cited among many other examples, the failure to comprehend or see the relevance of gradiential theory when it was published; Luria himself found it incomprehensible in 1969, when Glodberg first presented it to him. But there has been a great change, a paradigm shift (as Kuhn would say) in the last decade, partly connected with theories of global brain function such as Gerald Edelman’s partly with the development of neural nets as modelling systems massively parallel computer systems, and the like, and the concept of cerebral gradients-Glodberg’s vision as a student-is now much more widely accepted.試譯:1995年,當我著手撰寫一篇有關科學的未成熟性 (prematurity in science,奧利佛薩克斯在「Hidden Histories of Science」一書中發表的文章:「盲點:被遺忘及忽略的科學」) 的論文,我援引許多例子說明當該文章發表時,為何無法理解或領會遞變理論的關係。1969年,高德伯第一次提出這個理論時,他的指導教授盧瑞亞難以領悟;但是過去十年來,研究的思維轉換 (paradigm shift,如庫恩所說的),這個改變一部分是因為艾德曼 (Gerald Edelman) 等人的宏觀大腦功能理論 (global brain function theory) 的提出,部分則是因為神經網路的發展 (例如類神經網路模式、平行計算理論),還有一部分原因是高德伯的大腦遞變理論已逐漸被接受。評析:1. ﹝O.W. Sacks, “Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science, Ed. R. B. Silver (New York: New York Review of Books, 1996), 141-187﹞O.W. Sacks, http://www.oliversacks.com/pubs.htm為”腦袋裝了2000齣歌劇的人”作者,奧利佛.薩克斯,在”Hidden Histories of Science”一書中撰寫篇章”Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science”。Google中文搜詢無法查得,應該無中文版;但仍須對原文內容交待,而非整句漏譯,故建議試譯為:「盲點:被遺忘及忽略的科學」。2. 【東華英漢大字典】gradient為(1) 坡度,公路,河道的斜面(2) 溫度或壓力的梯度變化曲線(3) 數學:斜率(4) 生物:軸性梯度,生理梯度gradiential theory,包括醫學字典在內的所有字典均查不到,譯者翻為「遞變理論」,是否比生理梯度理論要專業簡潔易懂,須請洪教授指導。3. 【Cambridge Dictionary】incomprehensible (adjective)impossible or extremely difficult to understand4. 【香港Yahoo字典】paradigm shift(1) 思維轉換(美國哲學家庫恩首次在他的極具經典之作《科學革命的架構》中提出。庫恩在書中闡釋,每一項科學研究的重大突破,幾乎都是先打破道統,打破舊思惟,而後才成功的)(2) 台灣譯作範式轉移/典範轉移/規範轉移5. Gerald Edelman 艾德曼諾貝爾獎得主,曾提出著名的「神經進化論」,即在腦部發展的早期階段,神經元根據基因遺傳的指令,在腦中特定的通道自由運行。有些神經元會分化增生或死亡,有些則固定於某位置,並於周遭的神經元產生連結,形成複雜的大腦迴路(circuitry)。其反應了個人遺傳特質與生活經驗,最重要的是迴路連結的強弱取決於其是否經常被使用。神經連結可以處理感官刺激的輸入,對外在環境作出有效的行為反應。而沒有發揮功能的神經元則會相繼死亡,就像是自然淘汰(natural selection)般,只留下最能因應需求的神經元。個體重複越多的活動(如打網球、背書等),與相關的神經元便越是活躍,無形中強化了其所組成的神經連結,並形成緊密的迴路。所謂「用進廢退」,若凡事都貪圖方便,過於簡略操作步驟,結果反而會忽略了大腦迴路的使用,神經連結將不再具適應性,且會逐漸萎縮、消滅,我們也將失去其所負責的能力或變得生疏。
2008年11月28日 星期五
養男育女調不同評析(續)
養男育女調不同評析(續)
12.原譯:女生和男生的差異是很自然的,我們應該認識、接受這些差異,並且探索它在教育上的目的。(p.93)
原文:Differences between girls and boys are natural. Those differences should be acknowledged, accepted, and exploited for educational purposes.(p.63)
試譯:女生和男生的差異是很自然的,為了教育的目的,這些差異應該被承認、接受以及利用。
【洪教授指導後修改版】
女生和男生的差異是很自然的,為了教育的目的,這些差異應該被正視、接受以及善加利用。
評析:上述短短一句話可以發現,原譯者可能誤解某些字的意義或整個句子的結構,而發生誤譯的情形。茲說明如下:
(1)acknowledge根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.承認;承認…的權威(或主張)2.告知(信件、禮物等)的收到;確認3.就…表示謝忱;報償4.對…作出反應,答理;對…打招呼,理會5.確認…有約束力(或法律效力)。
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=heavy-duty&ls=a解釋為解釋為:
▸ verb: accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority ("The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne")▸ verb: accept as legally binding and valid ("Acknowledge the deed")▸ verb: express obligation, thanks, or gratitude for ("We must acknowledge the kindness she showed towards us")▸ verb: report the receipt of ("The program committee acknowledged the submission of the authors of the paper")▸ verb: declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of ("She acknowledged that she might have forgotten")▸ verb: express recognition of the presence or existence of, or acquaintance with ("He never acknowledges his colleagues when they run into him in the hallway")
此處應為承認或確認或accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority,原譯為我們應該認識,似乎是把acknowledge看成了knowledge,意思有些許不同。
(2)exploited根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.開發,開採,開拓2.(為發揮人或事物的效能而)利用3.(出於自私目的而)利用,用手段使(人)為自己服務4.剝削5.(廣告宣傳)激發對…的興趣;座廣告推銷。
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=heavy-duty&ls=a解釋為解釋為:
▸ noun: a notable achievement▸ verb: use or manipulate to one's advantage ("He exploit the new taxation system")▸ verb: draw from; make good use of ("We must exploit the resources we are given wisely")▸ verb: work excessively hard ("He is exploiting the students")
此處exploited顯然應解釋為(為發揮人或事物的效能而)利用或draw from; make good use ,故原譯為探索應是誤譯並不恰當。
13.原譯:有些學校更過分,他們連拔河都禁止。(p.93)
原文:Some school are taking these prohibitions to the extreme, banning even games like tag.(p.64)
試譯:有些學校更過分,他們連捉人遊戲都禁止。
評析:
tag根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:n.1.(兒童的)捉人遊戲2.【棒】(跑壘員的)觸殺3.【體】觸手替換
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=heavy-duty&ls=a解釋為 解釋為
▸ noun: (sports) the act of touching a player in a game (which changes their status in the game)▸ noun: a game in which one child chases the others; the one who is caught becomes the next chaser▸ noun: a label made of cardboard or plastic or metal▸ noun: a small piece of cloth or paper▸ verb: provide with a name or nickname▸ verb: attach a tag or label to▸ verb: touch a player while he is holding the ball▸ verb: supply (blank verse or prose) with rhymes▸ verb: go after with the intent to catch▸ name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #77374)
故此處tag應該是(兒童的)捉人遊戲或 a game in which one child chases the others; the one who is caught becomes the next chaser,原譯者顯然把tag看成了tug而誤譯成:拔河,因為tug of war就是所謂的拔河。
12.原譯:女生和男生的差異是很自然的,我們應該認識、接受這些差異,並且探索它在教育上的目的。(p.93)
原文:Differences between girls and boys are natural. Those differences should be acknowledged, accepted, and exploited for educational purposes.(p.63)
試譯:女生和男生的差異是很自然的,為了教育的目的,這些差異應該被承認、接受以及利用。
【洪教授指導後修改版】
女生和男生的差異是很自然的,為了教育的目的,這些差異應該被正視、接受以及善加利用。
評析:上述短短一句話可以發現,原譯者可能誤解某些字的意義或整個句子的結構,而發生誤譯的情形。茲說明如下:
(1)acknowledge根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.承認;承認…的權威(或主張)2.告知(信件、禮物等)的收到;確認3.就…表示謝忱;報償4.對…作出反應,答理;對…打招呼,理會5.確認…有約束力(或法律效力)。
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=heavy-duty&ls=a解釋為解釋為:
▸ verb: accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority ("The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne")▸ verb: accept as legally binding and valid ("Acknowledge the deed")▸ verb: express obligation, thanks, or gratitude for ("We must acknowledge the kindness she showed towards us")▸ verb: report the receipt of ("The program committee acknowledged the submission of the authors of the paper")▸ verb: declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of ("She acknowledged that she might have forgotten")▸ verb: express recognition of the presence or existence of, or acquaintance with ("He never acknowledges his colleagues when they run into him in the hallway")
此處應為承認或確認或accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority,原譯為我們應該認識,似乎是把acknowledge看成了knowledge,意思有些許不同。
(2)exploited根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:1.開發,開採,開拓2.(為發揮人或事物的效能而)利用3.(出於自私目的而)利用,用手段使(人)為自己服務4.剝削5.(廣告宣傳)激發對…的興趣;座廣告推銷。
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=heavy-duty&ls=a解釋為解釋為:
▸ noun: a notable achievement▸ verb: use or manipulate to one's advantage ("He exploit the new taxation system")▸ verb: draw from; make good use of ("We must exploit the resources we are given wisely")▸ verb: work excessively hard ("He is exploiting the students")
此處exploited顯然應解釋為(為發揮人或事物的效能而)利用或draw from; make good use ,故原譯為探索應是誤譯並不恰當。
13.原譯:有些學校更過分,他們連拔河都禁止。(p.93)
原文:Some school are taking these prohibitions to the extreme, banning even games like tag.(p.64)
試譯:有些學校更過分,他們連捉人遊戲都禁止。
評析:
tag根據東華英漢大辭典的解釋為:n.1.(兒童的)捉人遊戲2.【棒】(跑壘員的)觸殺3.【體】觸手替換
根據http://www.onelook.com/?w=heavy-duty&ls=a解釋為 解釋為
▸ noun: (sports) the act of touching a player in a game (which changes their status in the game)▸ noun: a game in which one child chases the others; the one who is caught becomes the next chaser▸ noun: a label made of cardboard or plastic or metal▸ noun: a small piece of cloth or paper▸ verb: provide with a name or nickname▸ verb: attach a tag or label to▸ verb: touch a player while he is holding the ball▸ verb: supply (blank verse or prose) with rhymes▸ verb: go after with the intent to catch▸ name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #77374)
故此處tag應該是(兒童的)捉人遊戲或 a game in which one child chases the others; the one who is caught becomes the next chaser,原譯者顯然把tag看成了tug而誤譯成:拔河,因為tug of war就是所謂的拔河。
2008年11月27日 星期四
大腦總指揮評析Part-III
大腦總指揮-Part-III
原譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察,還包括腦功能造影,高德伯對額葉功能的看法給這些症候群帶來了新的詮釋,在臨床的治療上非常重要。(P-17)
原文:Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions. Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes. Much evidence is adduced in favor of this, not only from clinical observation and testing, but from the latest results in functional brain imaging, and Goldberg’s insights here illuminate these syndromes in a new way, and may be very important in clinical practice.(P-X)
試譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)的遲鈍、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)的衝動、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)的分心、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)持續重複的行為、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症的缺乏同理心或心智理論等,高德伯認為,由於共振、繼發性的擾亂等原因,大部分狀況都可以透過額葉的功能來了解。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察或試驗,還包括腦功能造影最新的結果以及高德伯對額葉功能的看法,以新的方式來說明這些症候群,可能在臨床的治療上非常重要。
評析:
1. 關於Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.原譯者譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。實際上這句話主要的意思應該是how other conditions may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.顯然原譯者粗心,未搞清楚原意,而把整句意思弄錯了。故試改譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。
2. 原意者漏譯許多病症之主要病徵,如Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes.原譯者譯成:帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因;同時漏譯as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances,即為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,讓讀者只看見這些病症,卻無法知悉患者患了這些病有哪些不一樣的行為表現,以及為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,如此不忠於原著的譯法,又讓讀者摸不著頭緒,似乎不宜。
原譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察,還包括腦功能造影,高德伯對額葉功能的看法給這些症候群帶來了新的詮釋,在臨床的治療上非常重要。(P-17)
原文:Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions. Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes. Much evidence is adduced in favor of this, not only from clinical observation and testing, but from the latest results in functional brain imaging, and Goldberg’s insights here illuminate these syndromes in a new way, and may be very important in clinical practice.(P-X)
試譯:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。因此,帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)的遲鈍、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)的衝動、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)的分心、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)持續重複的行為、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症的缺乏同理心或心智理論等,高德伯認為,由於共振、繼發性的擾亂等原因,大部分狀況都可以透過額葉的功能來了解。現在已有很多證據支持這個看法,不僅是從臨床的觀察或試驗,還包括腦功能造影最新的結果以及高德伯對額葉功能的看法,以新的方式來說明這些症候群,可能在臨床的治療上非常重要。
評析:
1. 關於Goldberg also brings out how, because of the unique richness of the frontal lobes’s connections to different parts of the brain, other conditions which have their primary pathology elsewhere, even in the subcortex, may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.原譯者譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯也讓我們看見其他地方的病變(甚至皮質下的病變)會引起額葉功能的缺失。實際上這句話主要的意思應該是how other conditions may evoke or present as frontal lobe dysfunctions.顯然原譯者粗心,未搞清楚原意,而把整句意思弄錯了。故試改譯為:由於額葉與大腦其他地方都有密切聯結,所以高德伯提出,當額葉功能缺失時,其他病狀,即腦部其他地方原有的病變(甚至皮質下的病變),會如何顯現。
2. 原意者漏譯許多病症之主要病徵,如Thus the inertia of parkinsonism, the impulsiveness of Tourette’s syndrome, the distractibility of ADHD, the perseveration of OCD, the lack of empathy or “theory of mind” in autism or chronic schizophrenia, can all be understood, in large part, Goldberg feels, as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances, in the function of the frontal lobes.原譯者譯成:帕金森氏症(Parkinson’s disease)、妥瑞氏症(Tourette’s syndrome)、注意力缺失過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD)、自閉症或慢性精神分裂症都可以透過額葉的功能來了解它們各自缺失的原因;同時漏譯as due to the resonances, the secondary disturbances,即為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,讓讀者只看見這些病症,卻無法知悉患者患了這些病有哪些不一樣的行為表現,以及為何可以透過額葉了解這些病症的原因,如此不忠於原著的譯法,又讓讀者摸不著頭緒,似乎不宜。
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